Hip Dysplasia
Overview:
Hip dysplasia is a common developmental problem in large and giant breed dogs resulting from an improperly formed hip joint. It can also be caused by trauma. Most hip dysplasia manifests in puppyhood when the ball and socket joint of the hip does not develop properly, and there is a loose fit of the ball (head of femur) and socket (acetabulum of the pelvis). This laxity causes the joint to rub and grind resulting in the deterioration of the socket, which in turn causes pain, and loss of function of the joint. This becomes a vicious cycle as the joint further deteriorates.
The cause of hip dysplasia is multifactorial. It has been recognized for many years that genetics play a role in whether a dog develops the disease, but also rapid growth and weight gain in puppies, as well as excessive or improper exercise, are contributing factors to this disease. Obesity and/or diets that are rich in calories, fat and calcium puts stress on a dog’s joints and can exacerbate or cause hip dysplasia.
Some experts divide hip dysplasia into two categories based on the age of onset. One is the juvenile form prevalent in dogs under 18 months of age, and the other is the mature form, which is seen in older dogs.
Warning Signs and Symptoms:
Some dogs begin to exhibit signs of hip dysplasia as young as four months of age. Others develop it in association with osteoarthritis as they age. Symptoms vary according to the severity of the disease, the amount of inflammation, and the individual dog.
Symptoms can include rear-leg lameness, bunny-hopping gait, difficulty rising, weight shifting to front limbs, inability to exercise for long periods, lameness after exercise, loss of muscle mass in one or both rear legs, difficulty jumping or climbing stairs, pain, stiffness, and clicking sound from hips when moving or rising.
What to do:
Control your dog’s exercise and begin diet if your dog is overweight. Seek veterinary advice and contact your dog’s breeder.
What to expect at the vet:
Your veterinarian will want a complete history of your dog’s symptoms and approximate dates of onset and if there were any traumatic injuries to your dog. He will manipulate your dog’s hind legs to check for any grinding of joints, pain, or reduced range of motion. He will most likely take x-rays and may want a CBC as well. In young dogs, a veterinarian may want a PennHIP evaluation.
Treatment/Prevention:
Pain management is a key component in treating hip dysplasia. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are the gold standard of therapy. Analgesics such as gabapentin and tramadol are often added to NSAID therapy for additional relief. Conservative management consisting of maintaining an ideal, lean body weight, limited exercise, pain management, and physical therapy can help stabilize dogs. Additional therapies include acupuncture, injectable joint medications such as Adequan and supplements such as glucosamine, chondroitin, and omega-3 fatty acids.
The most common surgical procedures available for dogs depending on their age and disease type include double or triple pelvic osteotomy (DPO/TPO), total hip replacement (THR), and excision arthroplasty/femoral head ostectomy (FHO).
Puppies who are growing quickly will need to have their weight and rapid growth managed. They will also need their exercise monitored. Leash walks are acceptable but no strenuous off leash exercise will be allowed.
Not all cases of hip dysplasia can be prevented. To help reduce the risk of your dog developing this disease, start your puppy on a good diet that will give it healthy bone and joint development while preventing excessive growth, keep your dog at a healthy weight and check OFA screenings of your potential puppy’s parentage.
References:
Canine Hip Dysplasia. American College of Veterinary Surgeons
Canine Hip Dysplasia. Orthopedic Foundation for Animals
Hip Dysplasia-Understanding a Common and Challenging Orthopedic Disease in Dogs. Morris Animal Foundation
Hip Dysplasia in Dogs. AKC Staff. American Kennel Club
Hip Dysplasia in Dogs. PetMD